G2 English K200 comprehension can change when the reference frame changes. Words such as here, there, now, then, this, that, come, go, before, after, left and right depend on who is speaking, where they are and what moment counts as “now”.
This one-hundred-and-seventeenth Learner’s Guide develops reference-frame control. It extends Vol 0073 Referent-Chain Control and Vol 0113 Reporting-Verb Calibration.
The reference-frame audit
Before interpreting a deictic or viewpoint-dependent word, identify speaker, location, time and source. Then translate the expression into an absolute description: “here” becomes the named place, “then” becomes the event/time, and “left” becomes left from the relevant observer’s perspective.
1. I
For I, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
2. we
For we, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
3. you
For you, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
4. he
For he, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
5. she
For she, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
6. they
For they, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
7. this
For this, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
8. that
For that, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
9. these
For these, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
10. those
For those, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
11. here
For here, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
12. there
For there, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
13. now
For now, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
14. then
For then, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
15. today
For today, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
16. yesterday
For yesterday, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
17. tomorrow
For tomorrow, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
18. before
For before, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
19. after
For after, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
20. left
For left, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
21. right
For right, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
22. above
For above, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
23. below
For below, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
24. near
For near, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
25. far
For far, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
26. come
For come, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
27. go
For go, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
28. bring
For bring, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
29. take
For take, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
30. return
For return, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
31. arrive
For arrive, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
32. leave
For leave, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
33. home
For home, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
34. local
For local, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
35. foreign
For foreign, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
36. our
For our, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
37. their
For their, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
38. my
For my, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
39. your
For your, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
40. the former
For the former, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
41. the latter
For the latter, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
42. earlier
For earlier, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
43. later
For later, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
44. currently
For currently, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
45. previously
For previously, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
46. next
For next, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
47. last
For last, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
48. first person
For first person, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
49. second person
For second person, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
50. third person
For third person, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
51. narrator viewpoint
For narrator viewpoint, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
52. character viewpoint
For character viewpoint, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
53. writer viewpoint
For writer viewpoint, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
54. quoted speaker viewpoint
For quoted speaker viewpoint, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
55. reported speech
For reported speech, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
56. direct speech
For direct speech, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
57. free indirect style where encountered
For free indirect style where encountered, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
58. camera-like description
For camera-like description, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
59. retrospective narrator
For retrospective narrator, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
60. present-time narrator
For present-time narrator, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
61. future-looking statement
For future-looking statement, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
62. flashback
For flashback, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
63. flash-forward
For flash-forward, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
64. spatial viewpoint
For spatial viewpoint, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
65. temporal viewpoint
For temporal viewpoint, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
66. social viewpoint
For social viewpoint, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
67. institutional viewpoint
For institutional viewpoint, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
68. source viewpoint
For source viewpoint, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
69. reader viewpoint
For reader viewpoint, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
70. audience viewpoint
For audience viewpoint, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
71. pronoun shift
For pronoun shift, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
72. tense shift
For tense shift, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
73. place shift
For place shift, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
74. time shift
For time shift, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
75. speaker shift
For speaker shift, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
76. source shift
For source shift, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
77. quotation shift
For quotation shift, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
78. reported-speech shift
For reported-speech shift, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
79. this-to-that shift
For this-to-that shift, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
80. here-to-there shift
For here-to-there shift, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
81. now-to-then shift
For now-to-then shift, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
82. today-to-that-day shift
For today-to-that-day shift, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
83. tomorrow-to-next-day shift
For tomorrow-to-next-day shift, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
84. yesterday-to-previous-day shift
For yesterday-to-previous-day shift, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
85. come-to-go shift
For come-to-go shift, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
86. bring-to-take shift
For bring-to-take shift, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
87. left/right relative to observer
For left/right relative to observer, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
88. map north/south versus left/right
For map north/south versus left/right, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
89. before/after relative to event
For before/after relative to event, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
90. earlier/later relative to narrative now
For earlier/later relative to narrative now, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
91. reference frame final rule
For reference frame final rule, ask which reference point gives the word meaning. If speaker, time or location changes, test whether the expression must change too.
For practice, retell the same event from another character’s viewpoint. Convert pronouns, place words, time words and motion verbs while preserving the underlying event. Any changed factual content signals a failed frame conversion.
In comprehension, do not attach a viewpoint-dependent word to the reader’s present position by default. The live reference frame belongs to the sentence, speaker or narrative moment unless the text explicitly shifts it.
Reference frames and reported speech
Reported speech often requires coordinated changes: I→he/she, here→there, now→then, tomorrow→the next day. The exact conversion depends on reporting context; the deeper rule is to preserve the event while relocating the coordinate system.
Links
Use the Secondary English Learning Hub, Vol 0097 Question-Stem Parsing, Vol 0105 Presupposition Control, the Examination Craft hub and the PSLE Learner’s Guide.
Official-source discipline
For the current 2027 SEC G2 school-candidate framework, use the official SEAB G2 syllabus directory and linked K200 English Language syllabus. Reference-frame control is an eduKateSengkang reading framework, not a separate SEAB syllabus label.
Final rule
Before interpreting here, now, this, that, come, go, before or after, locate the coordinate system. Meaning belongs to a speaker, place, time and source—not automatically to the reader.
