G2 English K200 source control depends not only on who speaks, but on how the text frames the speech. Says, claims, admits, confirms, suggests, warns, denies and concedes are not interchangeable. The reporting verb can signal evidence strength, attitude, certainty, reluctance or distance.
This one-hundred-and-thirteenth Learner’s Guide develops reporting-verb calibration. It extends Vol 0105 Presupposition Control and Vol 0085 Evidence-Strength Ladder.
The reporting-verb audit
For each reporting verb, ask: does it merely attribute speech, or does it add a judgement about truth, certainty, attitude or manner? Then ask whose judgement that is—the writer’s, narrator’s, speaker’s or your own.
1. says
When the text uses says, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
2. states
When the text uses states, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
3. reports
When the text uses reports, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
4. notes
When the text uses notes, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
5. observes
When the text uses observes, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
6. describes
When the text uses describes, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
7. explains
When the text uses explains, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
8. suggests
When the text uses suggests, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
9. implies
When the text uses implies, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
10. indicates
When the text uses indicates, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
11. argues
When the text uses argues, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
12. contends
When the text uses contends, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
13. claims
When the text uses claims, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
14. asserts
When the text uses asserts, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
15. maintains
When the text uses maintains, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
16. insists
When the text uses insists, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
17. believes
When the text uses believes, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
18. thinks
When the text uses thinks, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
19. assumes
When the text uses assumes, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
20. supposes
When the text uses supposes, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
21. expects
When the text uses expects, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
22. predicts
When the text uses predicts, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
23. proposes
When the text uses proposes, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
24. recommends
When the text uses recommends, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
25. advises
When the text uses advises, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
26. warns
When the text uses warns, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
27. cautions
When the text uses cautions, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
28. admits
When the text uses admits, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
29. acknowledges
When the text uses acknowledges, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
30. concedes
When the text uses concedes, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
31. accepts
When the text uses accepts, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
32. denies
When the text uses denies, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
33. rejects
When the text uses rejects, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
34. disputes
When the text uses disputes, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
35. challenges
When the text uses challenges, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
36. questions
When the text uses questions, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
37. doubts
When the text uses doubts, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
38. criticises
When the text uses criticises, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
39. praises
When the text uses praises, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
40. condemns
When the text uses condemns, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
41. supports
When the text uses supports, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
42. opposes
When the text uses opposes, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
43. agrees
When the text uses agrees, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
44. disagrees
When the text uses disagrees, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
45. confirms
When the text uses confirms, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
46. verifies
When the text uses verifies, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
47. demonstrates
When the text uses demonstrates, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
48. shows
When the text uses shows, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
49. reveals
When the text uses reveals, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
50. finds
When the text uses finds, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
51. concludes
When the text uses concludes, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
52. infers
When the text uses infers, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
53. estimates
When the text uses estimates, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
54. speculates
When the text uses speculates, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
55. alleges
When the text uses alleges, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
56. accuses
When the text uses accuses, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
57. complains
When the text uses complains, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
58. promises
When the text uses promises, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
59. threatens
When the text uses threatens, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
60. requests
When the text uses requests, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
61. asks
When the text uses asks, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
62. answers
When the text uses answers, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
63. replies
When the text uses replies, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
64. responds
When the text uses responds, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
65. announces
When the text uses announces, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
66. declares
When the text uses declares, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
67. confesses
When the text uses confesses, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
68. remembers
When the text uses remembers, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
69. recalls
When the text uses recalls, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
70. realises
When the text uses realises, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
71. discovers
When the text uses discovers, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
72. learns
When the text uses learns, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
73. pretends
When the text uses pretends, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
74. jokes
When the text uses jokes, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
75. exaggerates
When the text uses exaggerates, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
76. understates
When the text uses understates, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
77. emphasises
When the text uses emphasises, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
78. highlights
When the text uses highlights, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
79. stresses
When the text uses stresses, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
80. repeats
When the text uses repeats, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
81. quotes
When the text uses quotes, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
82. cites
When the text uses cites, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
83. summarises
When the text uses summarises, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
84. paraphrases
When the text uses paraphrases, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
85. compares
When the text uses compares, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
86. contrasts
When the text uses contrasts, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
87. attributes
When the text uses attributes, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
88. credits
When the text uses credits, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
89. blames
When the text uses blames, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
90. explains away
When the text uses explains away, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
91. qualifies
When the text uses qualifies, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
92. clarifies
When the text uses clarifies, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
93. corrects
When the text uses corrects, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
94. retracts
When the text uses retracts, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
95. revises
When the text uses revises, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
96. reports according to another source
When the text uses reports according to another source, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
97. final reporting-verb rule
When the text uses final reporting-verb rule, compare it with neutral says. Identify what extra meaning the verb adds: certainty, evidence, reluctance, opposition, evaluation, prediction, discovery or communicative purpose.
For paraphrase, do not replace the verb with a stronger one unless the source earns it. “Suggests” should not casually become “proves”; “claims” should not automatically become “confirms”; “admits” can imply reluctance or prior resistance that “says” does not.
For practice, rewrite the sentence with three reporting verbs of different strength and explain how reader perception changes. Then return to the original and choose the narrowest interpretation supported by context.
Reporting verbs carry source architecture
In multi-source texts, a sentence may contain nested reporting: the writer reports that a researcher claims that participants said something. Flattening those layers can transfer responsibility to the wrong source. Keep the chain visible when credibility or stance matters.
Links
Use the Secondary English Learning Hub, Vol 0109 Negation-Scope Control, Vol 0093 Causal-Language Control, the Examination Craft hub and the PSLE Learner’s Guide.
Official-source discipline
For the current 2027 SEC G2 school-candidate framework, use the official SEAB G2 syllabus directory and linked K200 English Language syllabus. Reporting-verb calibration is an eduKateSengkang reading framework, not a separate SEAB syllabus label.
Final rule
Keep the source and the reporting verb together. Attribute the claim correctly, preserve the verb’s evidential strength, and do not smuggle your own certainty into the writer’s sentence.
