G2 English K200 comprehension becomes more reliable when learners track the status of information. A sentence can introduce a new claim, refer back to something already given, presuppose background information, quote another source, or invite an inference that the writer never states directly.
This Learner’s Guide is designed to upgrade capability rather than merely add facts. It makes the mechanism explicit, shows how to diagnose failure, defines the smallest useful repair, keeps competing explanations visible, states model limits, and ends in transfer to a changed problem surface.
Mechanism
Identify the relation that should remain true and the condition that controls how the answer changes. Write the causal, logical or quantitative handoff explicitly enough that another learner could predict the next state before seeing the result.
Diagnosis and smallest repair
When the answer fails, locate the first broken handoff. Repair that node only: source, role, denominator, sign, condition, mechanism, boundary or measurement. Recheck one downstream consequence before changing anything else.
1. given information
For given information, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
2. new information
For new information, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
3. asserted claim
For asserted claim, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
4. presupposed background
For presupposed background, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
5. quoted claim
For quoted claim, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
6. reported claim
For reported claim, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
7. inferred information
For inferred information, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
8. example
For example, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
9. definition
For definition, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
10. shared context
For shared context, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
11. definite reference
For definite reference, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
12. indefinite introduction
For indefinite introduction, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
13. pronoun reference
For pronoun reference, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
14. demonstrative reference
For demonstrative reference, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
15. lexical-chain continuation
For lexical-chain continuation, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
16. topic continuation
For topic continuation, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
17. topic shift
For topic shift, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
18. new character
For new character, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
19. known character
For known character, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
20. new location
For new location, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
21. known location
For known location, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
22. new time point
For new time point, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
23. known time point
For known time point, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
24. headline framing
For headline framing, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
25. caption information
For caption information, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
26. source attribution
For source attribution, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
27. speaker belief
For speaker belief, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
28. narrator statement
For narrator statement, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
29. writer statement
For writer statement, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
30. character assumption
For character assumption, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
31. question presupposition
For question presupposition, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
32. reporting verb stance
For reporting verb stance, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
33. modal uncertainty
For modal uncertainty, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
34. negated assertion
For negated assertion, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
35. exception
For exception, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
36. qualification
For qualification, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
37. concession
For concession, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
38. contrast
For contrast, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
39. cause claim
For cause claim, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
40. association
For association, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
41. observation
For observation, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
42. interpretation
For interpretation, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
43. summary compression
For summary compression, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
44. paraphrase
For paraphrase, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
45. language effect
For language effect, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
46. writer attitude
For writer attitude, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
47. writer purpose
For writer purpose, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
48. cross-text shared fact
For cross-text shared fact, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
49. cross-text disagreement
For cross-text disagreement, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
50. unresolved ambiguity
For unresolved ambiguity, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
51. information-status final rule
For information-status final rule, state the observation or given information first. Then state the inference, calculation or mechanism separately. This keeps what is seen apart from what is concluded.
Construct a competing explanation or near-miss that fits part of the evidence. Identify one discriminating test, counterexample, changed condition or independent check that the two alternatives predict differently. Support raises confidence; it does not turn a model into unlimited proof.
For transfer, change the surface while preserving the deep relation. Alter names, numbers, source, graph, location, time, boundary or apparatus. Rebuild the reasoning rather than recalling the example, and state where the method would stop being reliable.
Delayed transfer and measurement
Return later to a mixed problem where the framework is not named. Measure success by independent reconstruction: can the learner identify the mechanism, diagnose a near-miss, choose the smallest repair, distinguish observation from inference, test a competing explanation and state the boundary without prompts?
Internal learning links
Use the Secondary English Learning Hub, Vol 0105 Presupposition Control, Vol 0121 Information-Focus Control, the Examination Craft hub and the PSLE Learner’s Guide.
Official-source discipline
For the current 2027 Singapore-Cambridge Secondary Education Certificate G2 school-candidate framework, use the official SEAB G2 syllabus directory and its linked subject syllabus. The current directory lists K200 English Language, K210 Mathematics and K223–K225 Science combinations. This article’s framework is an eduKateSengkang learning method, not an additional SEAB syllabus topic or marking rule.
Final rule
A strong learner can reconstruct the relationship, locate failure, repair minimally, test an alternative and transfer the method to an unseen surface. That capability—not the length of the answer—is the standard.
