G2 English K200 meaning is shaped not only by which facts appear, but by where the sentence places attention. English can present the same basic event while making the actor, result, contrast, exception, source or new information more prominent.
This one-hundred-and-twenty-first Learner’s Guide develops information-focus control. It extends Vol 0117 Reference-Frame Control and Vol 0077 Contrast-Signal Control.
The focus audit
Ask what the sentence treats as already known, what it presents as new, and what position or wording receives emphasis. Then separate information focus from factual content: two sentences can describe the same event but guide attention differently.
1. subject first
For subject first, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
2. object first
For object first, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
3. active voice
For active voice, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
4. passive voice
For passive voice, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
5. cleft sentence
For cleft sentence, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
6. it-cleft
For it-cleft, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
7. wh-cleft
For wh-cleft, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
8. fronted adverbial
For fronted adverbial, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
9. fronted object
For fronted object, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
10. end focus
For end focus, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
11. end weight
For end weight, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
12. short-before-long
For short-before-long, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
13. given-before-new
For given-before-new, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
14. new-before-given for effect
For new-before-given for effect, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
15. topic sentence
For topic sentence, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
16. contrastive stress in speech
For contrastive stress in speech, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
17. repetition
For repetition, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
18. parallelism
For parallelism, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
19. listing
For listing, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
20. climax
For climax, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
21. anticlimax
For anticlimax, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
22. parenthesis
For parenthesis, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
23. dash insertion
For dash insertion, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
24. colon reveal
For colon reveal, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
25. semicolon balance
For semicolon balance, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
26. short sentence after long
For short sentence after long, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
27. one-word sentence in creative context
For one-word sentence in creative context, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
28. rhetorical question
For rhetorical question, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
29. direct address
For direct address, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
30. imperative
For imperative, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
31. modal verb
For modal verb, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
32. emphatic do
For emphatic do, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
33. only
For only, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
34. even
For even, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
35. especially
For especially, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
36. particularly
For particularly, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
37. mainly
For mainly, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
38. primarily
For primarily, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
39. merely
For merely, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
40. just
For just, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
41. also
For also, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
42. too
For too, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
43. again
For again, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
44. still
For still, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
45. already
For already, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
46. finally
For finally, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
47. however
For however, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
48. therefore
For therefore, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
49. instead
For instead, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
50. rather
For rather, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
51. in fact
For in fact, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
52. indeed
For indeed, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
53. above all
For above all, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
54. most importantly
For most importantly, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
55. by contrast
For by contrast, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
56. on the other hand
For on the other hand, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
57. although-clause first
For although-clause first, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
58. although-clause second
For although-clause second, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
59. because-clause first
For because-clause first, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
60. because-clause second
For because-clause second, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
61. if-clause first
For if-clause first, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
62. main clause first
For main clause first, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
63. relative clause
For relative clause, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
64. non-defining relative clause
For non-defining relative clause, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
65. apposition
For apposition, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
66. quotation placement
For quotation placement, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
67. reporting clause before quote
For reporting clause before quote, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
68. reporting clause after quote
For reporting clause after quote, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
69. source name first
For source name first, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
70. claim first then source
For claim first then source, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
71. pronoun after named noun
For pronoun after named noun, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
72. named noun after ambiguous pronoun
For named noun after ambiguous pronoun, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
73. definite article
For definite article, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
74. indefinite article
For indefinite article, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
75. this/that framing
For this/that framing, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
76. the problem
For the problem, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
77. a problem
For a problem, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
78. one reason
For one reason, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
79. the main reason
For the main reason, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
80. some students
For some students, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
81. most students
For most students, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
82. all students
For all students, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
83. not all students
For not all students, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
84. negative first
For negative first, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
85. positive first
For positive first, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
86. exception last
For exception last, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
87. exception first
For exception first, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
88. comparison baseline first
For comparison baseline first, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
89. target first
For target first, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
90. chronology first
For chronology first, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
91. outcome first
For outcome first, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
92. cause first
For cause first, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
93. evidence first
For evidence first, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
94. inference first
For inference first, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
95. summary compression
For summary compression, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
96. headline focus
For headline focus, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
97. caption focus
For caption focus, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
98. oral emphasis
For oral emphasis, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
99. information-focus final rule
For information-focus final rule, rewrite a neutral sentence so that this structure controls attention. Identify which element becomes the topic, which becomes the focus and whether any factual meaning changes.
For comprehension, explain local effect rather than naming the structure alone. For paraphrase, preserve important contrast and emphasis when they are part of the source’s meaning. For writing, choose focus deliberately according to paragraph purpose and audience.
Practice by producing two versions with identical facts but different focus. A strong explanation should describe what the reader notices first or treats as the important new contrast, not merely say that the sentence is “more effective”.
Focus is not the same as truth
Fronting or emphasising a claim does not make it better supported. Information structure controls attention; evidence strength still depends on source, scope and support. Keep rhetorical prominence separate from evidential authority.
Links
Use the Secondary English Learning Hub, Vol 0113 Reporting-Verb Calibration, Vol 0109 Negation-Scope Control, the Examination Craft hub and the PSLE Learner’s Guide.
Official-source discipline
For the current 2027 SEC G2 school-candidate framework, use the official SEAB G2 syllabus directory and linked K200 English Language syllabus. Information-focus control is an eduKateSengkang reading-and-writing framework, not a separate SEAB syllabus label.
Final rule
Ask not only what the sentence says, but what it makes prominent. Preserve the facts, track the focus, and explain how structure directs the reader’s attention.
