Series ID: EDKS-BASIC-ZH-0067 · Lesson No.067 · B2-Direction Paraphrase Control
Paraphrasing Without Changing Meaning | 不改变原意的改写
A paraphrase changes the language, not the claim.
改写改变表达方式，不改变原来的主张。
Good paraphrasing preserves meaning, certainty, scope, time, causality and source responsibility. Replacing a few words with synonyms is not enough—and can easily distort the original.
这一课训练真正的改写：结构可以变，词可以变，但原意、语气强度和证据范围不能偷偷改变。
Chinese Edition Hub · 中文版入口 · ← Lesson No.066 · Advanced Modal Meaning and Stance
The paraphrase map | 改写路线
- meaning invariants
- certainty
- scope
- time
- causality
- source ownership
- word-class change
- clause restructuring
- active/passive shift
- synonym limits
- summary vs paraphrase
- verification
1. What must stay the same? | 什么不能变？
- core proposition
- degree of certainty
- who/what is affected
- time relationship
- cause/result relation
- source attribution
2. Change structure first | 先改结构
Original: Short daily practice is easier to maintain.
Paraphrase: Learners often find it easier to continue practising when sessions are short and daily.
3. Do not simply swap synonyms | 不要只换同义词
Mechanical synonym replacement can produce unnatural collocations or stronger/weaker claims.
4. Word-class change | 词性变化
Original: The system improved rapidly.
Paraphrase: There was a rapid improvement in the system.
5. Verb → noun | 动词变名词
- decide → decision
- improve → improvement
- analyse → analysis
6. Noun → verb | 名词变动词
Original: The team made a comparison of the two options.
Paraphrase: The team compared the two options.
7. Active → passive | 主动变被动
Original: The researchers collected the data in June.
Paraphrase: The data were collected in June.
Only do this if hiding the agent does not remove important information.
8. Passive → active | 被动变主动
Original: The report was reviewed by the team.
Paraphrase: The team reviewed the report.
9. Clause → phrase | 从句变短语
Original: Because the train was delayed, we arrived late.
Paraphrase: Because of the train delay, we arrived late.
10. Phrase → clause | 短语变从句
Original: Despite the high cost, they bought it.
Paraphrase: Although it was expensive, they bought it.
11. Relative clause restructuring | 关系从句改写
Original: The students who arrived early got seats.
Paraphrase: Students arriving early got seats.
12. Infinitive/gerund restructuring | 不定式/动名词
Original: Learning regularly helps memory.
Paraphrase: It helps memory to practise regularly.
13. Keep certainty stable | 保持确定度
Original: The result may indicate a change.
Bad paraphrase: The result proves a change. ✗
Good: The result suggests that a change may have occurred.
14. May ≠ will | may 不等于 will
Do not strengthen possibility into certainty.
15. Some ≠ all | some 不等于 all
Original: Some learners prefer short sessions.
Bad: Learners prefer short sessions. ✗
16. Often ≠ always | often 不等于 always
Frequency words are part of meaning.
17. Can ≠ does | can 不等于一定会
Original: Remote work can reduce travel time.
Paraphrase: Working remotely may reduce the time spent commuting.
18. Cause vs correlation | 因果不能乱加
Original: The two changes occurred together.
Bad: One change caused the other. ✗
19. Time must stay accurate | 时间不能漂移
Original: Sales increased last year.
Bad: Sales have increased. ✗ if the period is finished.
20. Source ownership | 来源归属
Original: The writer argues that flexible work improves satisfaction.
Do not rewrite as your own fact. Keep attribution:
According to the writer, flexible work can improve satisfaction.
21. Reporting verb strength | 转述动词强度
- says
- suggests
- argues
- claims
- demonstrates
These are not interchangeable in tone or evidential strength.
22. Definition paraphrase | 定义改写
Original: A commuter is a person who travels regularly between home and work.
Paraphrase: Someone who regularly travels from home to a workplace is a commuter.
23. Example paraphrase | 例子改写
Original: For example, trains may be faster during peak traffic.
Paraphrase: Trains, for instance, can offer a quicker journey when road traffic is heavy.
24. Sentence split | 一句拆两句
A complex sentence can become two simpler sentences if the relationship remains clear.
25. Sentence combine | 两句合一句
Two related sentences can become one using relative clauses, participles or connectors.
26. Keep logical relation visible | 逻辑关系要保留
- cause
- contrast
- condition
- result
- concession
27. Summary is not paraphrase | 总结不是改写
A summary reduces content. A paraphrase usually preserves roughly the same information while changing language.
28. Translation is not paraphrase | 翻译不是改写
Going English → Chinese → English may change meaning and register. Use the source meaning directly.
29. Paraphrase by question | 用问题检查
Ask:
- Who?
- What happened?
- When?
- How certain?
- Why?
- According to whom?
30. Invariant check | 不变量检查
If any answer changes, the paraphrase may have drifted.
31. Collocation check | 搭配检查
A synonym may fit dictionary meaning but fail normal collocation.
32. Register check | 语体检查
Do not turn neutral source language into emotional or overly formal language.
33. Scope check | 范围检查
- many
- some
- most
- all
- in this study
- in general
Scope words are meaning.
34. Negative meaning check | 否定范围
Not all learners prefer X does not mean No learners prefer X.
35. Comparative meaning check | 比较意义
More effective than is not the same as effective.
36. Modal meaning check | 情态意义
Keep might / should / must / could at equivalent strength.
37. Reading practice A | 阅读 A
Original: Flexible schedules may help some employees manage commuting and family responsibilities more easily.
Possible paraphrase: For certain employees, greater scheduling flexibility can make it easier to balance travel to work with family duties.
Check certainty and scope.
38. Reading practice B | 阅读 B
Original: The survey does not prove that online learning is more effective.
Bad paraphrase: The survey proves online learning is ineffective. ✗
Explain the change in logic.
39. Writing practice: three methods | 三种方法
Paraphrase one sentence by:
- changing word class
- changing clause structure
- changing active/passive focus
40. Source-use practice | 来源使用
Write one source sentence, then a paraphrase with attribution, then one sentence explaining its relevance.
41. Error clinic | 常见错误
| Problem | What changed? |
|---|---|
| may → proves | certainty strengthened |
| some → all | scope widened |
| occurred together → caused | causality invented |
| writer argues → fact | source ownership lost |
42. First weak link diagnosis | 第一个卡点诊断
- I only swap synonyms → structural flexibility problem.
- meaning gets stronger/weaker → stance preservation problem.
- source disappears → attribution problem.
- grammar changes time → tense control problem.
- paraphrase sounds unnatural → collocation/register problem.
43. Retrieval lab | 提取练习
- 这可能说明…… → ______
- 一些学习者…… → ______
- 根据作者…… → ______
- 这并不能证明…… → ______
Suggested answers: This may suggest… / Some learners… / According to the writer… / This does not prove…
44. Seven-day training cycle | 七天训练
| Day 1 | meaning invariants | 不变量 |
| Day 2 | word-class changes | 词性 |
| Day 3 | clause restructuring | 句法 |
| Day 4 | active/passive | 焦点 |
| Day 5 | certainty/scope | 语气范围 |
| Day 6 | source attribution | 来源 |
| Day 7 | 20-sentence paraphrase audit | 综合 |
45. Self-test | 自测
Paraphrase using structural change; preserve certainty/scope/time/causality/source; distinguish paraphrase from summary; detect four kinds of meaning drift; verify collocation and register.
46. For parents and teachers | 给家长和老师
Mark meaning preservation before vocabulary sophistication.
Ask learners to underline modal, scope, time and source markers before paraphrasing.
For Mandarin speakers, encourage direct English meaning reconstruction rather than translation-backtranslation as the default method.
47. Final real-world challenge | 最终真实任务
- Paraphrase ten sentences structurally.
- Preserve modal certainty.
- Preserve scope words.
- Preserve tense/time.
- Preserve cause vs correlation.
- Preserve source ownership.
- Use active/passive shifts appropriately.
- Use word-class changes.
- Audit for collocation.
- Write a 200-word source-based response with accurate paraphrase.
Next: Lesson No.068 | 下一课
The next lesson integrates B2 discussion: build a claim, test evidence, represent counterarguments fairly, qualify conclusions and keep disagreement productive.
Lesson No.068 · B2 Discussion, Argument and Evidence · B2 讨论、论证与证据
Reference floor: British Council B2 Upper-intermediate.
