Series ID: EDKS-ADV-VOC-ZH-0032 · Advanced English Vocabulary (Chinese Edition) · Lesson No.032 · Batch 08 complete · C1 → C2 · 简体中文辅助
Advanced causal vocabulary is not a list of stronger ways to say “because”. It is a system for stating exactly what kind of relationship the evidence can support.
高级因果词汇不是一张“because 的高级替换词表”。它是一套关系系统：证据到底支持直接因果、部分贡献、影响、预测，还是仅仅关联？
Compare four sentences:
- Sleep loss caused the decline in performance.
- Sleep loss contributed to the decline in performance.
- Sleep loss was associated with lower performance.
- Sleep loss predicted lower performance.
These are not stylistic variants. Each sentence makes a different claim about the relationship between two variables.
The University of Manchester Academic Phrasebank separates direct causal verbs such as cause, lead to, result in, give rise to from contributive language such as contribute to, play a role in, influence, affect and from association language such as be associated with and be linked to. Cambridge Grammar also distinguishes cause/reason/result structures, while Cambridge Dictionary defines result in as causing a situation and result from as being caused by something.
Name the relationship before choosing the verb.
先确定关系，再选动词。不要先找一个“高级因果词”，再把证据硬塞进去。
This lesson owns the Mandarin-supported C1–C2 route for causal, contributive, predictive and association vocabulary. It coordinates with Lesson No.020 on stance and evidence strength, Lesson No.029 on degree, Lesson No.031 on comparison/equivalence, Lesson No.030 on verb–noun collocations and the general grammar owners for conjunctions. Its narrow job is: what kind of relationship exists between X and Y, and how strongly can you name it?
1. Start with four relationship families | 先分四大关系
| Relationship | Question | Typical vocabulary |
|---|---|---|
| Direct causation | Did X produce Y? | cause, lead to, result in, bring about, give rise to |
| Contribution/influence | Was X one factor among others? | contribute to, influence, affect, shape, play a role in |
| Association | Do X and Y occur together? | be associated with, be linked to, correlate with |
| Prediction | Does X help predict Y? | predict, be predictive of, forecast, indicate |
2. These families are not a simple strength ladder | 不要把它们机械排成“弱→强”
Predict is not simply weaker than cause. Prediction and causation answer different questions. A variable can predict an outcome without causing it.
3. Cause is a high-commitment verb | cause 是高承诺关系词
Cambridge Dictionary defines cause as making something happen. Use it when the causal relationship is genuinely supported, not merely because two things move together.
4. Cause can be transitive | cause + object
- X caused Y.
- X caused a delay.
- X caused the system to fail.
5. Cause can become a noun | cause of X
- the cause of the failure;
- one possible cause;
- the underlying cause;
- a major cause;
- the primary cause, only if evidence supports primacy.
6. “The cause” is stronger than “a cause” | 定冠词会改变承诺
The cause may imply a uniquely identified cause. A cause allows multiple causal contributors.
7. Lead to also expresses causation/result | lead to = 导致
Cambridge defines lead to as an action or event causing something to happen or exist.
- X led to Y.
- X can lead to Y.
- X may lead to Y.
- X is likely to lead to Y.
8. Modals change causal commitment | may/can/could lead to ≠ led to
May lead to expresses a possible causal outcome. Led to states the causal result more directly.
9. Result in points from cause to effect | result in：X → Y
Cambridge defines result in as causing a particular situation to happen.
- The delay resulted in additional costs.
- The change resulted in fewer errors.
- The failure resulted in the service being unavailable.
10. Result from points from effect back to cause | result from：Y ← X
Cambridge defines result from as a situation or problem being caused by an event or activity.
- The delay resulted from an approval failure.
- The error resulted from incorrect data.
11. Result in / result from is a direction pair | 必须把箭头方向存进词汇
X results in Y.
Y results from X.
12. Give rise to is formal causal-result language | give rise to = 引起/产生
Manchester Phrasebank includes give rise to among verbs indicating causality. Learn it as a whole phrase, not as ordinary give + rise.
13. Bring about foregrounds producing a change | bring about = 促成/引起变化
- bring about change;
- bring about improvement;
- bring about a reduction.
14. Trigger often suggests initiating an event/process | trigger = 触发
- trigger a response;
- trigger an alarm;
- trigger a reaction;
- trigger a crisis;
- trigger a process.
Do not use trigger merely because something happened earlier. The word suggests initiation.
15. Drive often suggests sustained causal pressure | drive = 推动/驱动
- drive demand;
- drive growth;
- drive change;
- drive inflation, depending on evidence;
- be driven by X.
Drive often sounds stronger and more process-oriented than influence. Verify its causal appropriateness.
16. Underlie points to a deeper condition/mechanism | underlie = 构成底层原因/基础
- factors underlying the difference;
- an underlying mechanism;
- assumptions underlying the model.
Underlie does not automatically mean “directly cause”. It often points to a deeper basis or explanatory layer.
17. Stem from points to origin/source | stem from = 源于
- The problem stems from inconsistent input.
- Much of the variation stems from sampling differences.
18. Arise from / arise out of also point to source | arise from = 由…产生
Useful in formal explanatory prose. Check whether the relation is genuinely causal or simply contextual origin.
19. Be due to can express cause but is structurally different | be due to + noun
- The delay was due to missing approval.
- The difference may be due to sampling variation.
20. Because of / owing to / as a result of are prepositional causal phrases | 介词短语也承担因果
- because of X;
- owing to X;
- as a result of X;
- as a consequence of X.
Manchester Phrasebank lists these as prepositional phrases for causality.
21. Contribute to is a key contributive verb | contribute to = 部分促成
Use when X is one factor among others rather than the entire cause.
- contribute to the decline;
- contribute to risk;
- contribute to improvement;
- contribute significantly to X;
- partly contribute to X.
22. Contribute to is not causally weak in every context | “部分原因”仍然可以很重要
A factor can contribute substantially without being the sole cause.
23. Play a role in is deliberately non-exclusive | play a role in = 起作用
- plays a role in determining X;
- plays an important role in X;
- may play a role in X.
This construction leaves room for other factors.
24. Influence is broad and often non-exclusive | influence = 影响
- X influences Y;
- X may influence Y;
- X has an influence on Y;
- X is strongly influenced by Y.
Influence can be causal, but often does not specify complete mechanism or exclusivity.
25. Affect is broad causal/influence language | affect = 影响到
- affect performance;
- affect the rate of change;
- affect how learners respond;
- be affected by.
26. Affect is not effect | affect/effect 边界仍需稳定
Affect is commonly a verb meaning influence. Effect is commonly a noun meaning result/impact, though both have other uses.
27. Shape suggests gradual/configurational influence | shape = 塑造
- shape behaviour;
- shape policy;
- shape expectations;
- shape development.
28. Determine is much stronger | determine = 决定/确定
Manchester Phrasebank lists determine among factor verbs, but it generally makes a stronger claim than influence or contribute to. Do not use it casually.
29. A determinant is a factor with explanatory importance | determinant = 决定因素
Use according to disciplinary conventions and evidence. Do not convert any correlated variable into a “determinant”.
30. A driver suggests active force | driver / driving factor
Common in economics, business and policy. It can sound causally strong, so verify evidence and domain use.
31. Factor is safely broad | factor = 因素
- a contributing factor;
- a risk factor;
- a key factor;
- an underlying factor;
- a confounding factor;
- a complicating factor.
Modifiers make the relation more specific. Do not treat all “factors” as causes.
32. Risk factor does not mean deterministic cause | risk factor = 风险相关因素
A risk factor increases or is associated with risk depending on disciplinary definition. It does not mean the outcome must occur.
33. Association language should remain association language | 关联词不能自动升级成因果词
- be associated with;
- be linked to;
- be related to;
- correlate with;
- co-occur with.
34. Be associated with is high-value neutral analytical language | associated with = 与…有关联
Higher sleep quality was associated with better performance.
This sentence does not by itself state that sleep quality caused the performance difference.
35. Be linked to is similar but can feel less technical | linked to = 与…相关/相连
Manchester Phrasebank includes appears to be linked to and may be linked to as cautious association language.
36. Related to is even broader | related to = 有关系
It may express conceptual, statistical, thematic or causal relation depending on context. If the exact relationship matters, specify it.
37. Correlate with has a statistical flavour | correlate with = 相关
Use when a correlation relationship is intended. Do not replace it with cause unless causal evidence exists.
38. Correlation direction is not causal direction | 正相关/负相关不告诉你谁导致谁
A and B may move together because A affects B, B affects A, a third factor affects both, or another mechanism operates.
39. Predict is not cause | predict = 预测关系
A variable may predict an outcome because it carries information about the outcome. Prediction alone does not establish causal mechanism.
40. Predictive of is a useful adjective frame | be predictive of X
Use in disciplines where predictive modelling/analysis is appropriate.
41. Indicate can be evidential rather than causal | indicate = 表明/指示
The result indicates X reports what evidence suggests. It does not mean the result caused X.
42. Explain is not automatically cause | explain = 解释，不一定是唯一因果
- X may explain Y;
- X partly explains Y;
- X helps explain Y;
- X does not fully explain Y.
43. Account for has several high-value senses | account for = 解释/占比
Two common analytical uses:
- explain: X accounts for the difference;
- constitute a proportion: X accounts for 40% of the total.
Lesson No.013’s polysemy system applies.
44. Account for can overclaim if explanation is incomplete | “解释了差异”需要证据
Safer alternatives include may account for, partly accounts for, could help account for.
45. Attribute to assigns cause/source | attribute X to Y = 把 X 归因于 Y
- The improvement was attributed to practice.
- The difference may be attributable to sampling variation.
Manchester Phrasebank includes can be attributed to among causal expressions. Use carefully because attribution names a causal/explanatory source.
46. Responsible for can express causation or accountability | responsible for 有两个重要方向
- causal: X was responsible for the increase;
- role/accountability: she is responsible for the project.
Context decides. Do not confuse causal responsibility with organisational responsibility.
47. Mechanism is stronger than association | mechanism = 机制
If you name a mechanism, you are making a more specific explanatory claim than merely reporting that variables are linked.
48. Pathway also implies structured linkage | pathway = 路径
Common in biology, medicine, policy and social science. Use according to domain definitions; do not invent a “pathway” from a simple correlation.
49. Mediator is technical causal-model vocabulary | mediator = 中介变量
Use only when your field’s causal/statistical model supports the term. In casual analytical prose, intermediate factor may be safer.
50. Moderator is not mediator | moderator = 调节变量
A moderator changes the strength/direction of a relationship; a mediator describes an intermediate pathway in a causal model. These are specialist terms and should not be interchanged.
51. Confounder is another specialist relation | confounder = 混杂因素
A confounder can create or distort an observed association. Do not use the term merely to mean “another factor”.
52. Causal vocabulary becomes more technical as the model becomes more technical | 术语越窄，证据要求越高
This is Lesson No.028’s evidence ceiling applied to causal relations.
53. Cause/effect direction must stay stable in paraphrase | 第017课改述不能把箭头翻转
- X resulted in Y.
- Y resulted from X.
- Y was caused by X.
These preserve direction if X/Y stay correctly mapped.
54. Contribute to cannot always paraphrase cause | contribute to 保留多因素空间
Replacing contributed to with caused may overstate the evidence.
55. Associated with cannot automatically paraphrase affect | 关联不能无证据升级成影响
56. Predict cannot automatically paraphrase determine | predictive power ≠ causal determination
57. Causal nouns also differ | cause / factor / driver / determinant / mechanism
| Noun | Typical job |
|---|---|
| cause | producing factor/event |
| factor | broad relevant element |
| contributor | partial causal contribution |
| driver | active/sustained force, often domain-specific |
| determinant | strong explanatory factor, field-dependent |
| mechanism | process through which an effect occurs |
58. “Key factor” is not “sole cause” | key 表示重要，不表示唯一
59. “Primary cause” is stronger than “major factor” | primary 暗示首要地位
Use only if comparative evidence supports that ranking.
60. Degree vocabulary modifies causal contribution | 第029课直接接入
- contributed slightly;
- contributed substantially;
- played a major role;
- had a limited effect;
- had a substantial impact.
Magnitude still needs a baseline/evidence source.
61. Causation and magnitude are separate | X can definitely cause a small effect
And X can possibly cause a large effect. Keep certainty and magnitude separate.
62. Causal language has register | cause, drive, trigger, give rise to differ stylistically
Cause is direct and general. Give rise to is more formal. Drive is common in analytical/business contexts. Trigger often foregrounds initiation.
63. Do not replace cause with “fancier” words automatically | 高级词不是装饰
Use the verb whose mechanism and register fit.
64. Causal language has semantic prosody | 因果动词也有典型对象
- trigger often occurs with reactions/events;
- mitigate with undesirable effects/risks;
- drive with trends/growth/demand/change;
- exacerbate with problems/risks/tensions.
Lesson No.027’s corpus system applies.
65. Causal constructions have fixed prepositions | preposition 属于关系词本体
- lead to;
- result in;
- result from;
- contribute to;
- stem from;
- arise from;
- be associated with;
- be linked to;
- correlate with;
- attribute X to Y;
- account for.
66. Learn arrow + preposition together | 最稳卡片：X→Y + phrase
| Phrase | Direction |
|---|---|
| X leads to Y | X → Y |
| X results in Y | X → Y |
| Y results from X | Y ← X |
| X contributes to Y | X → Y, partial contribution |
| X is associated with Y | X ↔ Y, no causal arrow claimed |
67. Because / since / as introduce reasons/causes | conjunction layer
Cambridge Grammar notes that because, since and as can connect cause/reason clauses to results, though discourse emphasis and register differ.
68. So introduces a result | cause, so result
Cambridge notes that when so connects cause/reason to result, the result clause follows.
69. Therefore / consequently / as a result are discourse connectors | 这些词组织因果，不自动证明因果
If the underlying causal claim is weak, a strong connector cannot repair it.
70. Thereby expresses result through the preceding action | thereby + -ing
The change reduced duplicate checks, thereby shortening review time.
71. “This causes…” can create overclaim after weak evidence | discourse jump alarm
Check whether the previous sentence established causation or merely association.
72. Observational evidence often needs cautious relation language | 观察数据尤其要防 causal upgrade
- was associated with;
- was linked to;
- predicted;
- was related to;
- may have contributed to, if causal reasoning supports it.
73. Experimental evidence can support stronger causal language when design warrants it | 研究设计决定可说多强
Do not decide this from vocabulary alone. Follow the methodology and field’s causal-inference standards.
74. Temporal order is necessary for many causal claims but not sufficient | 先发生 ≠ 一定导致
75. Mechanism strengthens explanation but must be evidenced | 有机制故事 ≠ 有机制证据
76. Third variables matter | 第三因素可能同时影响 X 与 Y
This is why association vocabulary is often scientifically responsible rather than “weak writing”.
77. Reverse causality matters | 方向也可能反过来
If X is associated with Y, test whether Y could influence X before writing a one-way causal verb.
78. Bidirectional relationships need bidirectional language | 双向影响不要硬写单箭头
- X and Y may influence each other;
- the relationship may be bidirectional;
- reciprocal effects may occur, if field evidence supports.
79. Feedback loops are stronger claims than simple association | feedback loop 需要循环机制
80. Causal graphs are conceptual tools | 画箭头可以暴露你词汇里的逻辑
Before writing, sketch:
X → Y
Z → X
Z → Y
Then decide whether cause, contribute or associate is justified.
81. Use causal maps in reading | 第022课输入提取升级
Highlight every relation verb and draw arrows. This reveals whether the author claims cause, contribution, association or prediction.
82. Use causal maps in listening | 第023课声音输入升级
Listen for because, leads to, contributes to, linked to, as a result. These phrases organise explanation in real time.
83. Use causal maps in writing | 第024课输出诊断升级
Underline every causal verb. Ask whether the evidence behind each arrow is sufficient.
84. Use causal maps in speaking | 第025课实时口语升级
Under pressure, learners often default to because and cause. Prepare safer alternatives:
- may contribute to;
- appears to be linked to;
- could help explain;
- is one factor in;
- is associated with.
85. Worked case: Maren turns correlation into cause | 案例一
Maren sees that students who read more score higher. She writes:
Reading more causes higher scores.
The data only show association.
Repair:
More frequent reading was associated with higher scores in this sample.
中文分析：词汇不是把句子写得“更保守”；它是在恢复数据真正支持的关系。
86. Worked case: Iona understates a known mechanism | 案例二
A controlled system test shows that disconnecting a component immediately stops the service. Iona writes only is associated with service failure.
Her tutor explains that association language can also understate a well-established causal mechanism. Accuracy means neither overclaiming nor underclaiming.
87. Worked case: Leonie confuses contribute and determine | 案例三
Leonie says motivation determines learning outcomes. Her evidence shows motivation is one factor among many.
Repair:
Motivation may contribute to learning outcomes and may influence how consistently learners practise.
88. Worked case: result in / result from direction | 案例四
Wrong:
The error resulted in incorrect input.
Intended meaning: incorrect input caused the error.
Repair:
The error resulted from incorrect input.
89. The FENCE causal-relation system | FENCE 因果关系系统
| Fence | Question | Action |
|---|---|---|
| F0 Variables | What are X and Y? | name entities/outcomes |
| F1 Direction | X→Y, Y→X or no direction? | draw arrow |
| F2 Relation | cause, contribution, association or prediction? | classify |
| F3 Evidence | What design supports the relation? | set evidence ceiling |
| F4 Mechanism | Is a causal pathway established? | name only if supported |
| F5 Alternatives | Could third variables/reverse causality explain it? | check alternatives |
| F6 Frame | Which verb/preposition is conventional? | complete phrase |
| F7 Strength | sole, major, partial, possible? | degree/stance calibration |
| F8 Transfer | Can I restate without changing relation strength? | paraphrase test |
90. Build a causal-relation card | 建立“关系箭头卡”
| Field | Example |
|---|---|
| X | sleep loss |
| Y | lower performance |
| Evidence | observational association |
| Safe relation | associated with |
| Too strong | caused, unless causal evidence exists |
| Possible hypothesis | may contribute to |
| Frame | X was associated with Y |
91. A 15-minute causal-vocabulary session | 15 分钟因果词训练
| Time | Task |
|---|---|
| 0–3 min | Choose five relation sentences. |
| 3–6 min | Draw arrows / association lines. |
| 6–9 min | Classify causal/contributive/association/predictive. |
| 9–12 min | Repair verb + preposition. |
| 12–15 min | Rewrite at one stronger and one weaker evidence level. |
92. A 30-minute causal-language workshop | 30 分钟关系词实验室
| Time | Task |
|---|---|
| 0–5 min | Read one evidence paragraph. |
| 5–10 min | Extract every relation verb. |
| 10–15 min | Build causal map. |
| 15–20 min | Audit evidence strength. |
| 20–25 min | Rewrite with calibrated vocabulary. |
| 25–30 min | Explain orally without strengthening the claim. |
93. A seven-day causal-language challenge | 七天因果词挑战
| Day | Focus |
|---|---|
| 1 | cause / lead to / result in / result from |
| 2 | contribute / influence / affect / shape |
| 3 | association / link / correlation |
| 4 | predict / explain / account for |
| 5 | cause nouns and factors |
| 6 | mechanism, confounding, reverse direction |
| 7 | full causal-claim audit |
94. A 30-day relation-vocabulary challenge | 30 天关系词升级
- Build 30 X/Y relation cards.
- Repair 20 correlation→causation errors.
- Repair 20 understatements where causation is established.
- Collect 40 verb+preposition causal frames.
- Collect 20 causal nouns/factor phrases.
- Rewrite 10 paragraphs at three evidence strengths.
- Complete 10 result-in/result-from direction drills.
- Build 10 causal maps from reading/listening sources.
95. A 12-week progression | 12 周因果词路线
| Weeks | Focus | Evidence of progress |
|---|---|---|
| 1–2 | cause/result direction | fewer arrow/preposition errors |
| 3–4 | contributive vocabulary | less sole-cause overclaiming |
| 5–6 | association/prediction | less correlation→causation drift |
| 7–8 | cause nouns/mechanisms | more precise explanatory vocabulary |
| 9–10 | evidence/stance calibration | relation strength matches design |
| 11–12 | independent causal editing | stable relation vocabulary across genres |
96. The first weak link diagnostic | 第一个弱点诊断
| Symptom | Likely weak link | Repair |
|---|---|---|
| I use cause whenever two things are related. | relation classification | association/contribution audit |
| I confuse result in/from. | direction | arrow drill |
| I use determine for every influence. | causal strength | influence/contribute/determine contrast |
| I treat predict as cause. | prediction distinction | predictive vs causal card |
| I write vague “factor” repeatedly. | specificity | driver/contributor/mechanism only if evidenced |
| I overuse because. | relation range | verb/noun/prepositional networks |
| My academic writing sounds overconfident. | evidence ceiling | may contribute / associated with |
| I hedge known causation too much. | underclaiming | use direct causal language when warranted |
97. Practice A — classify the relation | 练习 A
- X produced Y in a controlled mechanism test.
- X is one of several factors that may produce Y.
- X and Y occur together in observational data.
- X helps forecast Y but mechanism is unknown.
- Y occurs because of X, and you are rewriting from Y’s perspective.
98. Practice B — choose the direction frame | 练习 B
- X ___ Y: result in / result from?
- Y ___ X: result in / result from?
- X ___ Y: lead to / stem from?
- Y ___ X: lead to / stem from?
99. Practice C — downgrade overclaiming | 练习 C
- Observational correlation: “X causes Y.”
- One plausible factor: “X determines Y.”
- Predictor in a model: “X produces Y.”
- Temporal sequence only: “X triggered Y.”
100. Practice D — distinguish relation verbs | 练习 D
- cause vs contribute to;
- influence vs determine;
- associated with vs predict;
- trigger vs drive;
- account for vs correlate with.
Write one context in which each word is the better choice.
101. Practice E — repair prepositions | 练习 E
- lead for;
- result to;
- result of, when a verb frame is intended;
- contribute in;
- associated to;
- correlate to;
- stem in.
102. Answers A | 练习 A 参考
- direct causation;
- contribution;
- association;
- prediction;
- effect-from-cause framing: Y resulted from X / Y was caused by X.
103. Answers B | 练习 B 参考
- X results in Y.
- Y results from X.
- X leads to Y.
- Y stems from X.
104. Answers C — model repairs | 练习 C 参考
- “X is associated with Y.”
- “X may contribute to Y.”
- “X predicts Y in this model.”
- “X occurred before Y; further evidence is needed to determine whether X triggered Y.”
105. Answers E | 练习 E 参考
- lead to;
- result in;
- result from;
- contribute to;
- associated with;
- correlate with;
- stem from.
106. How a strong tutor teaches causal vocabulary | 高水平导师怎样教因果关系词？
A weak lesson gives “synonyms for cause”. A strong lesson asks:
- What are X and Y?
- Which way does the arrow point?
- Is the evidence causal, contributive, associative or predictive?
- Could reverse causality exist?
- Could a third factor explain both?
- Is a mechanism established?
- What verb+preposition frame fits?
- What degree/stance does the evidence support?
107. The learner should become their own relation auditor | 最终，学习者要会自己审计每一个“箭头”
Before writing a causal word, ask:
- Do I know X happened before Y?
- Do I have evidence X produced Y?
- Could Y influence X?
- Could Z influence both?
- Is X one factor or the major factor?
- Do I know the mechanism?
- Would associated with be more accurate?
- Would cause actually understate an established mechanism?
108. Canonical ownership and collision boundary | 本课的所有权边界
This lesson owns the Mandarin-supported C1–C2 lexical route for causal, contributive, association and predictive relations. It coordinates but does not replace:
- Lesson No.020 — stance and evidence strength.
- Lesson No.029 — magnitude and degree.
- Lesson No.030 — verb–noun relation networks.
- Lesson No.031 — comparison and false equivalence.
109. Recommended reference floor | 推荐参考资源
- University of Manchester Academic Phrasebank — Explaining causality — direct causal, contributive and association language organised by function.
- Cambridge Grammar — Conjunctions: causes, reasons, results and purpose — because/as/since/so and clause-level causal structure.
- Cambridge Dictionary — result in — cause-to-effect direction.
- Cambridge Dictionary — result from — effect-from-cause direction.
- Cambridge Dictionary — lead to — causal-result construction.
- Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary — cause/effect verb frames, prepositions, collocations and register verification.
- University of Manchester Academic Phrasebank — Using cautious language — useful companion for calibrating possible causal claims.
110. SEO language map | 本课关键词范围
This lesson naturally serves cause and effect vocabulary, causation vs correlation English, cause lead to result in result from, contribute to influence affect, associated with linked to correlate with, academic causal language, causal verbs C1 C2, correlation causation writing, cause effect academic writing, predictive vs causal vocabulary, causation vocabulary Chinese learners, result in result from difference, advanced English causal connectors, 因果关系英语, 因果词汇, 相关性与因果性, 导致英语, contribute to 用法, associated with 用法, result in result from 区别, 学术英语因果表达, 中文母语英语学习, C1 英语 and C2 英语.
111. Your assignment | 本课作业
Choose one analytical article, report or research summary containing at least five relationship claims.
- Underline every causal/association verb.
- Name X and Y for each relation.
- Draw the arrow—or a two-way association line.
- Classify each relation as causal, contributive, associative or predictive.
- Check the evidence supporting the relation.
- Rewrite one sentence one level stronger.
- Rewrite it one level weaker.
- Explain which version the evidence actually supports.
- Find one result-in/result-from pair and reverse the sentence correctly.
- Find one broad factor and decide whether a narrower term is justified.
- Write a 150-word explanation using at least four different relation families.
- Two days later, reproduce the explanation from a causal map rather than from the original wording.
Do not score yourself by how many sophisticated causal verbs you used. Score whether every arrow, association line and predictor label matches the evidence.
112. The final rule | 最后一条规则
If the evidence shows a link, write a link. If it shows a contribution, write a contribution. If it establishes cause, say cause.
证据只支持关联，就写关联；支持部分贡献，就写贡献；真的建立因果，才写因果。
Do not weaken good evidence because cautious language feels more academic. Do not strengthen weak evidence because causal verbs sound more decisive.
Use result in when the arrow runs from cause to effect. Use result from when you describe the effect from the cause side. Use contribute to when one factor helps produce an outcome among others. Use associated with when the evidence establishes a relationship but not a causal arrow. Use predict when the relation is predictive.
At C1–C2, causal vocabulary is not merely vocabulary.
It is evidence discipline.
真正高级的因果表达，不是把 “because” 换成更长的词。是你知道每一个关系词都在向读者承诺什么，并且只承诺证据真正支持的那一部分。
Series: EDKS-ADV-VOC-ZH · Lesson 032 · Batch 08 complete.
